Certain facts are known about the biochemical and metabolic phenomena associated with the presence of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Two structural and histopathological changes observed in the brains of those with AD are neurofibrillar tangles (NFT) and amyloid deposits. Intraneuronal neurofibrillar tangles are also present in other neurodegenerative diseases, but the presence of amyloid deposits both in the intraneuronal spaces (neuritic plaques) and close to the microvasculature (vascular plaques) seems to be characteristic of AD. Of these, neuritic plaques seem to be the most common (Price, D. L., and co-workers, Drug Development Research (1985) 5:59-68). The main component of these amyloid plaques is a peptide of 40-42 amino acids denominated amyloid peptide A?4. The amyloid peptide A?4 is a polypeptide that originates from proteolysis from membrane glycoproteins denominated amyloid peptide A?4 precursor proteins (?APP). These proteins, precursors of amyloid peptide, consist of 695 to 770 amino acids, all of them being coded by the same gene. 
Two main variants of amyloid peptide A?4 have been identified, peptide A?40 and A?42, containing 40 and 42 amino acids, respectively, which present different tissue distributions in both physiological and pathological conditions. The variant of 42 amino acids is the predominant form in the amyloid plaques located in the brains of patients with AD.

Until present, different possible solutions have been proposed to provide a possible vaccine against AD.

In EP526511, the administration of homeopathic doses of A? to patients with pre-established AD is proposed. However, due to the doses used, the levels of circulating endogenous A? in plasma hardly vary, and so no therapeutic benefit is expected. Schenk et al., (Nature, 1999; 400: 173-177) describe immunization of transgenic mice PDAPP with A?42, which overexpress human mutant APP, thus preventing the formation of amyloid plaques, neuritic dystrophy and astrogliosis. In WO9927944 (Schenk D.), a treatment for AD is described by administration to a patient of A?42.

A phase III clinical trial in 360 patients diagnosed with medium to moderate AD in 4 European countries and the United States, in which amyloid peptide A?42 was used as an antigen, was discontinued after encephalitis was reported in some of the patients (Scrip Daily Online, 25 Feb. 2002, S007455320, The Scientist 16 [7]: 22, Apr. 1, 2002). The problem of using an endogenous protein as a vaccine (or a protein present naturally in the animal that is being vaccinated), as is the case of peptide A?42, the organism responds by making antibodies against A?42 and against smaller fractions that may also have as yet unknown physiological functions, among some of the possible problems we could mention is the possible development of autoimmune diseases due to the generation of antibodies against the endogenous protein, difficulty in the generation of a immune response due to failure of the immune system for recognizing endogenous antigens, and possible development of an acute inflammatory response. The present invention is aimed at treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other amyloid diseases by administration of a peptide, of the C-terminus part of A?, conjugated with a protein, which in a preferred embodiment of the present invention said protein is the keyhole limpet hemocyanin. 

The present invention relates to a vaccine for the prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other related amyloid diseases. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a vaccine is provided for the prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other related diseases, which overcomes the disadvantages associated with using peptides, proteins or endogenous immunogens. Examples of other diseases characterized by amyloid deposits are Islandic hereditary syndrome, multiple myeloma, and spongiform encephalitis, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The introduction of an immune response can be active such as when an immunogen is administered to induce antibodies that react with AD in a patient, or passive, such as when an antibody is administered that reacts by itself with A? in a patient. For the aims of the present invention, the following terms are defined as follows:

The term “related amyloid diseases” includes diseases associated with the accumulation of amyloid which can be restricted to one organ, localized amyloidosis, or spread throughout several organs, systemic amyloidosis. Secondary amyloidosis can be associated with chronic infections (such as, for example, tuberculosis) or chronic inflammation (for example, rheumatoid arthritis), familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and other types of systemic amyloidosis found in patients in the long-term treatment of hemodialysis. Localized forms of amyloidosis include, but are not limited to, type II diabetes and any other disease related thereto, neurodegenerative diseases with scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

The term “passive immunization” is used to relate to the administration of antibodies or fragments thereof to an individual with the intention of conferring immunity on that individual. In the first aspect, the invention provides the use of either a peptide that acts as an immunogen or as an antibody, in the preparation of a medication for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits. Said methods consist of the induction of an immune response against a peptide component of the amyloid deposits in the patient. Said induction could be active through administration of an immunogen or passive through administration of an antibody or an active fragment or derivative of an antibody. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the disease is Alzheimer's disease. 
 

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